Weather Related Words:

1) Flurries: very light snowfall

E.g.  There are a few flurries but the snow is not sticking to the roads.

2) Fog/Foggy: thick water vapor that blocks the vision 

E.g.  We could not see the road because there was too much fog.

3) Frost: ice crystals on a frozen surface

E.g.  Some flowers are so strong they can withstand frost.

4) Lightning: electrical discharge and flash between a cloud and the ground

E.g.  You must switch off the computers when it's lightning.

5) Overcast: no sun is visible

E.g.  The sky is overcast this morning.

6) Partly cloudy: the sky is sunny and cloudy at the same time

E.g.  Today's forecast is partly cloudy with clear skies by evening.

7) Sleet (similar to hail): rain that freezes as it falls

E.g.  all weather tires are best if you have to drive in sleet.

8)Tornado/cyclone: windstorm

E.g.  The tornado picked up everything in the path, including animals and cars.

Mansoon/ Rain related Words:

1) It's raining

2) Drizzling

3) Pouring

4) Raining incessantly

5) Downpour

6) Hail

7) Mist

8) Rainfall

9) Precipitation

10) Humidity

11) Flood

12) Rainbow

13) Freeze

14) Thunder

15) Storm

16) Lightning 

17) Warm

18) Windy 

19) Sleet

20) Cloudy 

Phrases to talking about Food:

1) I am starving! ( I am hungry)

2) Let's grab a bite

3) Give me a bite.

4) How about eating out today? (eat at a restaurant)

5) I brought some snacks.

6) This pudding is delicious.

7) I will have ..... (while ordering in a restaurant)

8) Could we get the check, please? (while asking for the bill in the restaurant)

9) I am full/stuffed (I am satisfied)

10) The food is mouth-watering/yummy/toothsome/lip smacking (food is very tasty)

11) That looks very inviting (it means the food looks very attractive and the speaker is eager to try it out)

12) I would love to try that out! (while tasting for the first time)

Phrases on asking to repeat something:


1) Pardon?

2) Sorry, I did not get that.

3)Could you/Can you please repeat that?

4) Sorry, I did not catch that.

5)Do you mind repeating that?

6) Sorry?

7) Sorry, I did not follow you.

8) I am lost, please repeat.

9) Can you please say that again?

10) Can you please repeat that again.

11) I did not catch that last part.

12) I did not catch that first part.


What to say when that person repeated and you understood:

1) I got it.

2) Now I see, thank you.

                                              Useful Telephone Phrases



Some useful telephone phrases which can help you to speak fluently on the phone.



If you are making a call or  the caller:


Hello..!! I would like to speak to Mr. Chandan. (tell the name of the person you want to speak)

I am calling from..... (Name of your company)

I am calling on behalf of ......(Name of your company)

If taking the call or the receiver


How can I help you?

Where are you calling from?


Asking to hold:

Just a moment, please.

Could you hold on, please?

May I put you on hold?


Giving negative information:

I am afraid he is not in the office.

I am sorry, she is in a meeting right  now.

I am afraid you have got the wrong number.

I am sorry this is the wrong number which you have dialled.



Network issues or telephone problems:


Your voice is cracking/jarring..

The line is very bad, could you repeat?

Could you call us back?

I am afraid I can't hear you.


Leaving or taking a message:

Receiver:

Would you like to leave a message?
Would you like to call back?
Can I pen down the message?


Caller:

Hey can I leave a message for him?
Can you pendown a message for him?

Grammar Class-6

Each main tense is divided into 4 subcategories.

  a) simple

  b) progressive/continuous 

  c) perfect 

  d) perfect progressive/continuous 

Future Tense:

a) Future I Simple 

• action in the future that cannot be influenced
• spontaneous decision
• assumption with regard to the future

Affirmative/Negative/Question

A: He will speak.
N: He will not speak. 
Q: Will he speak?

Future I Simple  (Going to)

• decision made for the future
• conclusion with regard to the future

A: He is going to speak.
N: He is not going to speak.
Q: Is he going to speak?

in a year, next …, tomorrow
If-Satz Typ I (If you ask her, she will help you.)

assumption: I think, probably, perhaps  (signal words)

Or,

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

FUNCTIONS OF THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

The simple future refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty. In this case there is no 'attitude'.

The simple future is used:

• To predict a future event:
  It will rain tomorrow.
• With I or We, to express a spontaneous decision:
  I'll pay for the tickets by credit card.
• To express willingness: I'll do the washing-up.
  He'll carry your bag for you.
• In the negative form, to express unwillingness:
  The baby won't eat his soup.
  I won't leave until I've seen the manager!
• With I in the interrogative form using "shall", to make an offer:
  Shall I open the window?
• With we in the interrogative form using "shall", to make a suggestion:
  Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
• With I in the interrogative form using "shall", to ask for advice or instructions:
  What shall I tell the boss about this money?
• With you, to give orders:
  You will do exactly as I say.
• With you in the interrogative form, to give an invitation:
  Will you come to the dance with me?
  Will you marry me?

Note:In modern English will is preferred to shall. Shall is mainly used with I and we to make an offer or suggestion, or to ask for advice (see examples above). With the other persons (you, he, she, they) shall is only used in literary or poetic situations, e.g. "With rings on her fingers and bells on her toes, She shall have music wherever she goes."

FORMING THE SIMPLE FUTURE

The simple future tense is composed of two parts: will / shall + the infinitive without to

Subject	will	infinitive without to
Affirmative
I	will	go
I	shall	go
Negative
They	will not	see
They	won't	see
Interrogative
Will	she	ask?
Interrogative negative
Won't	they	try?

CONTRACTIONS

I will = I'll
We will = we'll
You will = you'll
He will = he'll
She will = she'll
They will = they'll
Will not = won't

The form "it will" is not normally shortened.

TO SEE: SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative	Interrogative Negative
I will see	I won't see	Will I see?	Won't I see?
*I shall see		*Shall I see?
You will see	You won't see	Will you see?	Won't you see?
He will see	He won't see	Will he see?	Won't he see?
We will see	We won't see	Will we see?	Won't we see?
*We shall see		*Shall we see?
They will see	They won't see	Will they see?	Won't they see?

b) Future Progressive/Continuous

• FUTURE CONTINUOUS

  FORM

  The future continuous is made up of two elements:
  the simple future of the verb 'to be' + the present participle (base+ing)

  Subject	simple future of the verb 'to be'	present participle
  You	will be	watching
  I	will be	staying

  TO STAY, FUTURE CONTINUOUS

  Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative	Negative Interrogative
  I will be staying.	I won't be staying.	Will I be staying?	Won't I be staying?
  You will be staying.	You won't be staying.	Will you be staying?	Won't you be staying?
  He will be staying.	He won't be staying.	Will he be staying?	Won't he be staying?
  She will be staying.	She won't be staying.	Will she be staying?	Won't she be staying?
  It will be staying.	It won't be staying.	Will it be staying?	Won't it be staying?
  We will be staying.	We won't be staying.	Will we be staying?	Won't we be staying?
  They will be staying.	They won't be staying.	Will they be staying?	Won't they be staying?

  FUNCTIONS

  The future continuous refers to an unfinished action or event that will be in progress at a time later than now. The future continuous is used for quite a few different purposes.

  The future continuous can be used to project ourselves into the future.

  EXAMPLES

  • This time next week I will be sun-bathing in Bali.
  • By Christmas I will be skiing like a pro.
  • Just think, next Monday you will be working in your new job.

  The future continuous can be used for predicting or guessing about future events.

  EXAMPLES

  • He'll be coming to the meeting, I expect.
  • I guess you'll be feeling thirsty after working in the sun.
  • You'll be missing the sunshine once you're back in England.

  In the interrogative form, the future continuous can be used to ask politely for information about the future.

  EXAMPLES

  • Will you be bringing your friend to the pub tonight?
  • Will Jim be coming with us?
  • Will she be going to the party tonight?
  • Will I be sleeping in this room?

  The future continuous can be used to refer to continuous events that we expect to happen in the future.

  EXAMPLES

  • I'll be seeing Jim at the conference next week.
  • When he is in Australia he will be staying with friends.
  • I'll be eating with Jane this evening so I can tell her.

  When combined with still, the future continuous refers to events that are already happening now and that we expect to continue some time into the future.

  EXAMPLES

  • In an hour I'll still be ironing my clothes.
  • Tomorrow he'll still be suffering from his cold.
  • Next year will she still be wearing a size six?
  • Won't stock prices still be falling in the morning?
  • Unfortunately, sea levels will still be rising in 20 years.

c) Future Perfect

• FUTURE PERFECT

  FORM

  The future perfect is composed of two elements
  the simple future of the verb "to have" (will have) + the past participle of the main verb

  Subject	+ will have	+ past participle of the main verb
  He	will have	finished.
  I	will have	finished.

  TO ARRIVE, FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

  Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative	Negative Interrogative
  I will have arrived	I won't have arrived	Will I have arrived?	Won't I have arrived?
  You will have arrived	You won't have arrived	Will you have arrived?	Won't you have arrived?
  He will have arrived	He won't have arrived	Will he have arrived?	Won't he have arrived?
  We will have arrived	We won't have arrived	Will we have arrived?	Won't we have arrived?
  They will have arrived	They won't have arrived	Will they have arrived?	Won't they have arrived?

  FUNCTION

  The future perfect tense refers to a completed action in the future. When we use this tense we are projecting ourselves forward into the future and looking back at an action that will be completed some time later than now. It is most often used with a time expression.

  EXAMPLES

  • I will have been here for six months on June 23rd.
  • By the time you read this I will have left.
  • You will have finished your report by this time next week.
  • Won't they have arrived by 5:00?
  • Will you have eaten when I pick you up?

d) Future Perfect Progressive

• FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

  FORM

  The future perfect continuous is composed of two elements
  the future perfect of the verb "to be" (will have been) + the present participle of the main verb (base + ing)

  Subject	+ will have been	+ present participle
  He	will have been	playing.
  I	will have been	playing.

  TO LIVE, FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

  Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative	Negative Interrogative
  I will have been living	I won't have been living	Will I have been living?	Won't I have been living?
  You will have been living	You won't have been living	Will you have been living?	Won't you have been living?
  He will have been living	He won't have been living	Will he have been living?	Won't he have been living?
  We will have been living	We won't have been living	Will we have been living?	Won't we have been living?
  They will have been living	They won't have been living	Will they have been living?	Won't they have been living?

  FUNCTION

  Like the future perfect simple, this form is used to project ourselves forward in time and to look back. It refers to events or actions in a time between now and some future time are unfinished. It is most often used with a time expression.

  EXAMPLES

  • I will have been waiting here for three hours by six o'clock.
  • By 2001 I will have been living in London for sixteen years.
  • When I finish this course, I will have been learning English for twenty years.
  • Next year I will have been working here for four years.
  • When I come at 6:00, will you have been practicing long?

Grammar Class-5

Each main tense is divided into 4 subcategories.

  a) simple

  b) progressive/continuous 

  c) perfect 

  d) perfect progressive/continuous 

Past Tense:

a) Simple Past

• action in the past taking place once, never or several times
• actions taking place one after another
• action taking place in the middle of another action

Affirmative/Negative/Question

A: He spoke.
N: He did not speak.
Q: Did he speak?

yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday
if sentence type II (If Italked, …) signal words

                                                    Or,

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

DEFINITION OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The simple past tense, sometimes called the preterite, is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. The simple past is the basic form of past tense in English. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past and action duration is not important.

EXAMPLES

• John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
• My father died last year.
• He lived in Fiji in 1976.
• We crossed the Channel yesterday.

You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with certain past time expressions

• frequency: often, sometimes, always
  I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
  I often brought my lunch to school.
• a definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
  We saw a good film last week.
  Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
  She finished her work atseven o'clock
  I went to the theatre last night
• an indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago People lived in caves a long time ago.
• She played the piano when she was a child.

Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is placed after the period of time: a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.

Be Careful: The simple past in English may look like a tense in your own language, but the meaning may be different.

FORMING THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

PATTERNS OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE FOR REGULAR VERBS

Affirmative
Subject	+ verb + ed
I	skipped.
Negative
Subject	+ did not	+ infinitive without to
They	didn't	go.
Interrogative
Did	+ subject	+ infinitive without to
Did	she	arrive?
Interrogative negative
Did not	+ subject	+ infinitive without to
Didn't	you	play?

TO WALK

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I walked	I didn't walk	Did I walk?
You walked	You didn't walk	Did you walk?
He walked	He didn't walk	Did he walk?
We walked	We didn't walk	Did we walk?
They walked	They didn't walk	Did they walk?

SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO

Subject	Verb
	Be	Have	Do
I	was	had	did
You	were	had	did
He/She/It	was	had	did
We	were	had	did
You	were	had	did
They	were	had	did

NOTES ON AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE, & INTERROGATIVE FORMS

AFFIRMATIVE

The affirmative of the simple past tense is simple.

• I was in Japan last year
• She had a headache yesterday.
• We did our homework last night.

NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE

For the negative and interrogative simple past form of "do" as an ordinary verb, use the auxiliary "do", e.g. We didn't do our homework last night.
The negative of "have" in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "do", but sometimes by simply adding not or the contraction "n't".

The interrogative form of "have" in the simple past normally uses the auxiliary "do".

EXAMPLES

• They weren't in Rio last summer.
• We didn't have any money.
• We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
• We didn't do our exercises this morning.
• Were they in Iceland last January?
• Did you have a bicycle when you were young?
• Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?

Note: For the negative and interrogative form of all verbs in the simple past, always use the auxiliary 'did''.

SIMPLE PAST, IRREGULAR VERBS

Some verbs are irregular in the simple past. Here are the most common ones.

TO GO

• He went to a club last night.
• Did he go to the cinema last night?
• He didn't go to bed early last night.

TO GIVE

• We gave her a doll for her birthday.
• They didn't give John their new address.
• Did Barry give you my passport?

TO COME

• My parents came to visit me last July.
• We didn't come because it was raining.
• Did he come to your party last week?

b) Past Progressive

• action going on at a certain time in the past
• actions taking place at the same time
• action in the past that is interrupted by another action

Affirmative/Negative/Question

A: He was speaking.
N: He was not speaking.
Q: Was he speaking?

while, as long as (signal words)

                                                    or,

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS

The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and is still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.

It is used:

• Often, to describe the background in a story written in the past tense, e.g. "The sun was shining and the birds were singing as the elephant came out of the jungle. The other animals were relaxing in the shade of the trees, but the elephant moved very quickly. She was looking for her baby, and she didn't notice the hunter who was watching her through his binoculars. When the shot rang out, she was running towards the river..."
• to describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event or action, e.g. "I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang."
• to express a change of mind: e.g. "I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to get my homework done instead."
• with 'wonder', to make a very polite request: e.g. "I was wondering if you could baby-sit for me tonight."

EXAMPLES

• They were waiting for the bus when the accident happened.
• Caroline was skiing when she broke her leg.
• When we arrived he was having a bath.
• When the fire started I was watching television.

Note: with verbs not normally used in the continuous form, the simple past is used.

FORMING THE PAST CONTINUOUS

The past continuous of any verb is composed of two parts : the past tense of the verb "to be" (was/were), and the base of the main verb +ing.

Subject	was/were	base + ing
They	were	watching
Affirmative
She	was	reading
Negative
She	wasn't	reading
Interrogative
Was	she	reading?
Interrogative negative
Wasn't	she	reading?

TO PLAY, PAST CONTINUOUS

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I was playing	I was not playing	Was I playing?
You were playing	You were not playing	Were you playing?
He was playing	He wasn't playing	Was he playing?
We were playing	We weren't playing	Were we playing?
They were playing	They weren't playing	Were they playing?

c) Past Perfect

• action taking place before a certain time in the past
• sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive
• putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration)

Affirmative/Negative/Question

A: He had spoken.
N: He had not spoken.
Q: Had he spoken?

already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day

if sentence type III (If I had talked, …) (signal words)

                                                                   Or,

PAST PERFECT TENSE

FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST PERFECT

The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first - the tense makes it clear which one happened first.

In these examples, Event A is the event that happened first and Event B is the second or more recent event:

Event A	Event B
John had gone out	when I arrived in the office.
Event A	Event B
I had saved my document	before the computer crashed.
Event B	Event A
When they arrived	we had already started cooking.
Event B	Event A
He was very tired	because he hadn't slept well.

FORMING THE PAST PERFECT

The Past Perfect tense in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of the verb to have (had) + the past participle of the main verb.

Subject	had	past participle
Affirmative
She	had	given
Negative
She	hadn't	asked.
Interrogative
Had	they	arrived?
Interrogative Negative
Hadn't	you	finished?

TO DECIDE, PAST PERFECT

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I had decided	I hadn't decided	Had I decided?
You had decided	You hadn't decided	Had you decided?
She had decided	She hadn't decided	Had she decided?
We had decided	We hadn't decided	Had we decided?
They had decided	They hadn't decided	Had they decided?

PAST PERFECT + JUST

'Just' is used with the past perfect to refer to an event that was only a short time earlier than before now, e.g.

• The train had just left when I arrived at the station.
• She had just left the room when the police arrived.
• I had just put the washing out when it started to rain.

d) Past Perfect Progressive

• action taking place before a certain time in the past
• sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple
• putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action

Affirmative/Negative/Question

A: He had been speaking.
N: He had not been speaking.
Q: Had he been speaking?

for, since, the whole day, all day (signal words)

                                                        or,

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

The past perfect continuous corresponds to the present perfect continuous, but with reference to a time earlier than 'before now'. As with the present perfect continuous, we are more interested in the process.

EXAMPLES

• Had you been waiting long before the taxi arrived?
• We had been trying to open the door for five minutes when Jane found her key.
• It had been raining hard for several hours and the streets were very wet.
• Her friends had been thinking of calling the police when she walked in.

This form is also used in reported speech. It is the equivalent of the past continuous and the present perfect continuous in direct speech:

• Jane said, "I have been gardening all afternoon." = Jane said she had been gardening all afternoon.
• When the police questioned him, John said, "I was working late in the office that night." = When the police questioned him, John told them he had been working late in the office that night.

FORMING THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

The past perfect continuous is composed of two elements - the past perfect of the verb to be (=had been) + the present participle (base+ing).

Subject	had been	verb + ing
I	had been	walking
Affirmative
She	had been	trying
Negative
She	hadn't been	sleeping
Interrogative
Had you	been	eating?
Interrogative negative
Hadn't they	been	living?

TO BUY, PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I had been buying	I hadn't been buying	Had I been buying
You had been buying	You hadn't been buying	Had you been buying
She had been buying	She hadn't been buying	Had she been buying
We had been buying	We hadn't been buying	Had we been buying
They had been buying	They hadn't been buying	Had they been buying